Literary techniques are the constructions of language used by an author to convey meaning. These techniques make the story more interesting to the reader. It is crucial that students learn to identify and understand these constructions. Familiarity with these techniques will prepare them not only for standardized tests, but also for their future education. The understanding of these devices will help students get more enjoyment from the fiction they read—both in and out of the classroom situation. This comprehensive unit uses examples from classic and modern literature to introduce and reinforce these techniques.


Each term is defined. One or more examples are given from classic and/or modern literature. Students are then given opportunities to identify, explain, and use the technique.

Grades 5 through 8.

The following literary terms / techniques are covered:
       • Connotation
       • Dialogue
       • Dialect
       • Imagery
       • Idiom
       • Simile
       • Metaphor
       • Allusion
       • Personification
       • Hyperbole
       • Understatement
       • Irony
       • Sarcasm
       • Oxymoron
       • Paradox
       • Symbol
       • Pun
       • Alliteration
       • Onomatopoeia

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The lessons and activities in this book align with the following Common Core State Standards*:
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.5, 7.3, 7.5, 8.3, 8.5
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.5.10, 6.10, 7.10, 8.10

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.
Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
Interpret figures of speech in context.
Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.
Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions).
Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.
Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes.
By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, at the high end of the [grade-level] complexity band independently and proficiently.

*Authors: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers
Title: Common Core State Standards English Language Arts
Publisher: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers, Washington, D.C.
Copyright Date: 2010